End of Western Civ

Since today is our last day of blogging we are reflecting on the year. I really enjoyed this class. As much as I hated the blogs at the beginning, I ended up getting used to them and I like how much they help my grade. If the blogs weren't a thing, then my grade would be a lot lower. I also liked that throughout the year you always told us what would be on the test and exactly what to study. I can tell that you really care about all of us doing well cause you try to help us get good grades. Overall I really enjoyed this class and I would like to thank you for being such a good teacher. You have been one of my favorite teachers and I hope I get to be in your class next year.

Luther

95 Theses:
- 95 objections with the church nailed to the church by Luther
- "Disputation of Martin Luther on the Power and Efficiency of indulgences"
1. people win salvation by faith in Gods gift of forgiveness
2. All church teachings should be based on the Bible
3. All people with faith are equal. People do not need priests to interpret the Bible for them
"Reformed" = "Reformation"

Pushback from church:
- Luthers ideas get popular and church criticizes him and his "heretical" ideas
Pope Leo X- Issues a decree threatening Luther with excommunication unless he took back his statements
- Luther is declared "an outlaw" and a "hectic" and escapes from Worms
- He is supposed to be arrested
- It is made a crime for anyone to give Luther food or shelter
- His writings are banned and books are burned
- Anyone is permitted to kill Martin Luther
- Disguises himself as "Junker Jörg"

Luther/Reformation

Church is weakened:
Socially- Renaissance emphasized secular values and challenged churches authority
printing press helped ideas spread

Politically- Some rulers (especially Germans) began to challenge political power

Economically- Northern merchants resented paying church taxes to Rome

Wrong with church:
- Corrupt leadership
  Popes spent peoples money on personal things
  Pope Alexander VI admitted to having several kids
- Priests were poorly educated and not able to read or teach
- Many priests drank to excess and gambled

Indulgences:
- Sold indulgences and made people believe they could be bad on earth but still get into Heaven
- Johann Tetzel was a monk who sold indulgences to try to rebuild St. Peters Cathedral

Luther Leads the Reform

An indulgence was a pardon that released a sinner from performing the penalty that a priest imposed for sins.
The reformation was a movement for religious freedom.
The Lutherans were a separate religious group created by Luther and his followers.
Protestants were the protesting princes at one time, but are now Christians who belong to non-Catholic churches.
The famous religious settlement where princes agrees that each ruler would decide the religion of his state was called the Peace of Augsburg.
Annul means to set aside.
The Angelican Church was set up by parliament in 1559.

3. The political, economic, and social problems that helped bring about the Reformation were the idea of humanism that made people realize they had value. Also the invention and usage of the printing press helped them to excel.

4. The term Protestantism originated from Martin Luther who started Lutheranism, John Calvin who founded Calvinism, and King Henry VIII who started Anglicanism. Those were the three branches of Protestantism at first that developed from the Reformation. They spread throughout Europe and into the rest of the world.

Painting Press

Today in class we learned about the printing press. It was invented originally in China. Johannes Gutenberg was the one who revolutionized it. We also watched a long video that showed how it is used. It is a long and interesting process, but at the time it was the quickest solution. With this invention, books were able to be printed much quicker. The old man in the video spent his whole life devoted to a printing press. It is almost sad because there are so many modern inventions that could be used instead. If that's what he enjoys though, then good for him.

Renaissance

Humanism-
- A deep interest in what people had already achieved, as well as what they are capable of achieving in the future
- Classical (Ancient Greek, Roman) writings were important to them
- Worldly (secular) values- concerned with here & now

"Renaissance man"-
Someone who could master many fields of work
ex- Leonardo da Vinci

"Renaissance woman"-
Women there to inspire artists. not create art
ex- Isabella d'Este


Sculpture-
- Made realistic figures such as Pieta
- Carved from marble by Michelangelo
- St. Peter's Basilica
- Frescos- A technique of mural painting made upon freshly-laid, wet lime plaster

Literature-
- Wrote in vernacular (native language)
- Previously written in latin or greek
- More accessible to masses
- Wrote to express thoughts and feelings
- Shakespeare wrote in English
- Dante Alighieri wrote about Hell in Italian- The Divine Comedy
- Niccole Machiavelli wrote in Italian- The Prince
- Books theme was that the aims of glory and survival can justify being immoral

Renaissance and Reformation

1300- Renaissance begins in Italian city-states- Florence, Milan, and Mantua
1324- Mali king Mansa Musa makes a pilgrimage to Mecca
1368- Hongwu founds Ming Dynasty in China
1405- Chinese explorer Zheng begins exploration of Asia and Africa
1434- Medici family takes control of Florence
1453- Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople
1455- Gutenburg Bible printed in Mainz
1492- Columbus reaches the Americas
1517- Martin Luther begins Reformation in Wittenberg
1526- Babur establishes Mughal empire in India
1534- English King Henry VII starts the Church of England
1563- Council of Trent mandates reforms in Catholic Church

Renaissance- period of "rebirth"
- Started because of trade with Eat and rediscovery of ancient manuscripts
- Martin Luther started the reformation
- Reformed practices in Catholic Churches
- Invention of printing press made books quickly and cheap
- New technology helped spread revolutionary ideas

- Italy-  birth place of Renaissance
- Rebirth of learning
- Produced many great works of art/literature
- Art and literature still influence modern art and literature