- Gov grew unstable as territory enlarged
- Increasing wealth and expanding boundaries brought problems
- Discontent among lower class of society
- Breakdown in military order
- Lead to shakeup of republic and emergence of new political system
- Gap between rich and poor grew
- Slaves were forced to work on rich peoples large estates
- By 100 BC- enslaved people made up one third of population
- Many farmers were former soldier
- Many sold land for money and became homeless/jobless
- Joined the urban poor- group made up one fourth of society
- Tiberius and Gaius Cracchus (brothers) tried to help poor
- Tribunes who tried to lift the size of estates and wanted to give land to the poor
- Made enemies with senators who felt threatened by their ideas
- Tiberius died in 133 BC
- Gaius died in 121 BC
- Both had violent deaths during civil war
- Generals began to seize power
- Recruited poor people to be soldiers by promising land
- Replaced citizen-soldiers who's loyalty was to republic
- Now possible for military leader supported by troops to take over by force
- 60 BC- Julius Caesar and Crassus (wealthy Roman and Pompey general)
- Caesar elected consul in 59 BC
- Dominated Rome for next 10 years as triumvirate (group of three rulers)
- Caesar served for one year as consul
- Appointed himself gov of Gaul (now France)
- 58-50 BC- Caesar led his legions to conquer all of Gaul
- Won his mens loyalty and devotion
- Became very popular with people of Rome
- Took his army across Rubicon River in Italy and marched toward Rome
- Popey fled after telling him to go back home
- Troops defeated Popey's army in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt
- 44 BC- Appointed dictator for life
- Granted Roman citizenship to people in provinces
- Expanded senate
- Created jobs and constructed new public buildings
- Increased Soldiers pay
- Nobles concerned about his growing power and popularity
- Some considered him a tyrant
- Many senators plotted his assassination
- March 15, 44 BC- Stabbed to death in senate chamber
- Civil war broke out again and destroyed Roman Republic
- Caesar's nephew and adopted son Octavian joined with an experienced general and ruled Rome for 10 years as the Second Triumvirate
- Alliance ended in jealousy and violence
- Octavian forced Lepidus to retire and became rivals with Mark Anthony
- Mark Anthony met Cleopatra and fell in love
- Got accused of trying to rule Rome from Egypt and another civil war started
- Anthony and Cleopatra committed suicide
- Octavian became unchallenged ruler fo Rome
- Accepted title of Augustus
- Romes power peaked during Augustus's rule in 27 BC to 180 AD
- Peace reigned throughout empire except for tribes fighting along border
- Period of peace called Pax Romana
- Roman Empire included more than 3 million square miles and had 60-80 million people
- Augustus stabilized frontier
- Added public buildings
- Created system of gov that survived for centuries
- Set up a civil service
- Died in 14 AD and system of gov remained stable
- 90% of people engaged in farming
- Romans survived on local produce
- Additional food and other items were obtained through trade
- Emphasized values of discipline, strength, and loyalty
- Person with these qualities had gravitas
- Honored strength more than loyalty
- Most lived in countryside and worked on farms
- In Rome and smaller cities people from all walks of life cam together and formed a diverse society
- Slaves made up one third of the population
- Most slaves were conquered people put into slavery
- Children born into slavery became slaves
- Slaves were the property of their owners
- They could be punished, rewarded, set free, or put to death if their masters wanted
- Worked in the city and farm
- Treated badly and worked long days
- Some strong and healthy men were forced to be gladiators
- Slaves in wealthy homes were treed better
- More than 1 million slaves were killed attempting to gain freedom
- Romans worshipped powerful divine spirits called numia
- Lares were the guardian spirits of each family
- Honored gods and goddesses through rituals to gain favor
- Gov and religion were linked
- Romans honored them in private and public rituals
- Jupiter- father of the Gods
- Juno- his wife, watched over women
- Minerva- Goddess of wisdom, arts, and crafts
- Rich lived extravagantly
- Spent money on homes, gardens, slaves, and luxuries
- Had long banquets with rare and expensive foods
- Most in Rome barely had the necessities of life
- Most of the population was unemployed
- Gov supported these people with daily rations of grain
- Fire was common and constant danger
- Gov distracted people with games, races, mock battles, and gladiator contests
- By 250 AD, there were 150 holidays
- On holidays the Colosseum would fill with rich and poor
- Watched animal shows where animals fought to the death
- Gladiators engaged in combat with animals and each other until one was killed
- Christianity emerged slowly
- Early followers would meet with hardship for their beliefs
- Religion spread throughout the empire and into the rest of the world
1. Civil War- Conflict between groups within the same country
Julius Caesar- Strong and smart military leader of Rome who served one year as consul and became dictator of Rome.
Triumvirate- A group of three rulers
Augustus- Octavian, a leader of romaine who accepted this title, meaning "exalted one"
Pax Romana- A period of peace and prosperity
3. Factors the contributed to the fall of the roman Republic are the discontent among the lower classes of society and the lack of military order.
4. The reasons that Rome's empire was so successful was because of the good government they had and very good rulers.
5. The government had free games, races, events, and gladiator battles to distract the people of Rome and control them.
Monday, April 29, 2019
Friday, April 26, 2019
Rome (Day 2)
- Greece Civilization in decline, Rome grew power
- City founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus
- Chose spot because of it's strategic location and fertile soil
- Built on 7 rolling hills at a curve on Tiber River
- Midway between the Alps and Italy's southern tip
- Near midpoint of Mediterranean Sea
- Earliest settlers arrived in Prehistoric times
- 1000-500 BC- three groups (Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans) inhabited region and battled for control
- Latins built original settlement, a cluster of wooden hots atop Palatine Hill
- 750-600 BC- Greeks established colonies along Southern Italy and Sicily
- Brought all of Italy into closer contact with Greek civilization
- Etruscans native to northern Italy
Skilled metalworkers and engineers
Boasted a system of writing and Romans adopted their alphabet
Influenced Rome's architecture especially the use of the arch
- 600 BC- An Etruscan became king go Rome
- Grew into a collection of hilltop villages covering almost 500 square miles
- Temples and public centers constructed, most famous was the Forum (heart of Roman political life)
- Last king of Rome was Tarquin the Proud
Harsh tyrant driven from power in 509 BC
- Romans declared they would never to be ruled by a king and created a republic
- Early republic- groups of Romans struggled for power
- Patricians- group of wealthy land owners, held most of the power
Inherited their power and claimed their ancestors gave them the right to make laws
- Plebeians- group of common farmers, artisans, and merchants, majority of population
Had the ability to vote but couldn't hold important gov. positions
Eventually were allowed to form their own assembly and elect representatives called tribunes
- 451 BC- group of 10 officials wrote down Rome's Laws
victory for plebeians because they would now be treated fairly by patricians
- Laws carved on 12 tables and hung in the four
- Became basis for laws later to come
- Established the idea that all citizens had a right to the protection of the law
- Gov took the best features of a monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy
- Consults- two officials like kings that commanded army and directed army
One year long terms, couldn't be reelected for 10 years
- In crisis republic could appoint a dictator
Power lasted for 6 months
- All citizens who owned land required to serve in army
- Roman military groups made of 5000 heavily armed foot soldiers
Divided into smaller groups of 80
- Military organization important to Rome's rise
- Power grew slowly but steady
- By 400 BC- Romans dominated central Italy
- By 265 BC- Romans mastered almost all of Italy
- Had different categories for groups of people they conquered and gave them different rights
- Location gave easy access to riches of the lands near Mediterranean Sea
- Merchants moved by land and sea
Traded wine and olive oil for a variety of foods, raw materials, and manufactured foods
- 264 BC- Rome and Carthage went to war
- Beginning of the punic wars
- Fought 3 wars between 246 and 146 BC
- Carthaginian General- Hannibal huge army with intent of capturing Rome
- Romans prevented them from capturing Rome
- Rome found leader named Scipio to match Hannibal
- 202 BC- Romans defeated Hannibal
- 146 BC- City of Carthage was set on dire
50,000 inhabitants sold into slavery and territory became Rome's
- Rome's victories in Punic Wars gave dominance over Western Mediterranean
- Romans went to conquer eastern half
- by 70 BC- Rome's Mediterranean empire stretched from Antolia to Spain
1. Republic- A dorm of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders
Patrician- The wealthy land owners who held most of the power
Plebeian- The common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population
Tribune- Representatives that protected the rights of the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician officials
Consul- Two elected officials that commanded the army and directed the government
Senate- The aristocratic branch of Romes government that had both legislative and administrative functions in the republic
Dictator- A leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army
Legion- Large military units that Roman soldiers were organized into
Punic Wars- A long struggle between Rome and Carthage from 264 to 146 BC that consisted of 3 wars
Hannibal- A Carthaginian general that was a brilliant military strategist
3. The limits that were on the consuls were that they were only allowed to serve for one year, and that the same person could not be elected again for 10 years
4. The significance of the twelve tables was to make sure that all citizens had protection and that the Patricians could't change any of the laws because they were written out.
5. Hannibal's attack on Rome was different because instead of using a head on attack, he did a surprise attack where they didn't know about it.
- City founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus
- Chose spot because of it's strategic location and fertile soil
- Built on 7 rolling hills at a curve on Tiber River
- Midway between the Alps and Italy's southern tip
- Near midpoint of Mediterranean Sea
- Earliest settlers arrived in Prehistoric times
- 1000-500 BC- three groups (Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans) inhabited region and battled for control
- Latins built original settlement, a cluster of wooden hots atop Palatine Hill
- 750-600 BC- Greeks established colonies along Southern Italy and Sicily
- Brought all of Italy into closer contact with Greek civilization
- Etruscans native to northern Italy
Skilled metalworkers and engineers
Boasted a system of writing and Romans adopted their alphabet
Influenced Rome's architecture especially the use of the arch
- 600 BC- An Etruscan became king go Rome
- Grew into a collection of hilltop villages covering almost 500 square miles
- Temples and public centers constructed, most famous was the Forum (heart of Roman political life)
- Last king of Rome was Tarquin the Proud
Harsh tyrant driven from power in 509 BC
- Romans declared they would never to be ruled by a king and created a republic
- Early republic- groups of Romans struggled for power
- Patricians- group of wealthy land owners, held most of the power
Inherited their power and claimed their ancestors gave them the right to make laws
- Plebeians- group of common farmers, artisans, and merchants, majority of population
Had the ability to vote but couldn't hold important gov. positions
Eventually were allowed to form their own assembly and elect representatives called tribunes
- 451 BC- group of 10 officials wrote down Rome's Laws
victory for plebeians because they would now be treated fairly by patricians
- Laws carved on 12 tables and hung in the four
- Became basis for laws later to come
- Established the idea that all citizens had a right to the protection of the law
- Gov took the best features of a monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy
- Consults- two officials like kings that commanded army and directed army
One year long terms, couldn't be reelected for 10 years
- In crisis republic could appoint a dictator
Power lasted for 6 months
- All citizens who owned land required to serve in army
- Roman military groups made of 5000 heavily armed foot soldiers
Divided into smaller groups of 80
- Military organization important to Rome's rise
- Power grew slowly but steady
- By 400 BC- Romans dominated central Italy
- By 265 BC- Romans mastered almost all of Italy
- Had different categories for groups of people they conquered and gave them different rights
- Location gave easy access to riches of the lands near Mediterranean Sea
- Merchants moved by land and sea
Traded wine and olive oil for a variety of foods, raw materials, and manufactured foods
- 264 BC- Rome and Carthage went to war
- Beginning of the punic wars
- Fought 3 wars between 246 and 146 BC
- Carthaginian General- Hannibal huge army with intent of capturing Rome
- Romans prevented them from capturing Rome
- Rome found leader named Scipio to match Hannibal
- 202 BC- Romans defeated Hannibal
- 146 BC- City of Carthage was set on dire
50,000 inhabitants sold into slavery and territory became Rome's
- Rome's victories in Punic Wars gave dominance over Western Mediterranean
- Romans went to conquer eastern half
- by 70 BC- Rome's Mediterranean empire stretched from Antolia to Spain
1. Republic- A dorm of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders
Patrician- The wealthy land owners who held most of the power
Plebeian- The common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population
Tribune- Representatives that protected the rights of the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician officials
Consul- Two elected officials that commanded the army and directed the government
Senate- The aristocratic branch of Romes government that had both legislative and administrative functions in the republic
Dictator- A leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army
Legion- Large military units that Roman soldiers were organized into
Punic Wars- A long struggle between Rome and Carthage from 264 to 146 BC that consisted of 3 wars
Hannibal- A Carthaginian general that was a brilliant military strategist
3. The limits that were on the consuls were that they were only allowed to serve for one year, and that the same person could not be elected again for 10 years
4. The significance of the twelve tables was to make sure that all citizens had protection and that the Patricians could't change any of the laws because they were written out.
5. Hannibal's attack on Rome was different because instead of using a head on attack, he did a surprise attack where they didn't know about it.
Thursday, April 25, 2019
Rome (Day 1)
Main Ideas
500BC-500AD
- Rome began as a republic- a government where elected officials represent the people
- Emperors eventually seized power and expanded the empire
- Empire touched three continents at it's height- Europe, Asia, Africa
- For several centuries Rome brought peace to it's empire before collapse
- Monotheistic (single god) religion, Christianity rose out of Judea
- Spread throughout Rome and beyond
Timeline
509 BC- Rome became a republic
321 BC- Chandragupta Maurya founds Mauryan Empire in India
264 BC- First Punic War begins
202 BC- Han Dynasty takes power in China
218 BC- In the Second Punic War, Hannibal invades Italy
31 BC- Octavian defeats the forces of Anthony and Cleopatra
100 AD- Moche culture arises in South America
284 AD- Diocletian becomes emperor of Rome
300 ad- Askum kingdom emerges in east Africa
476 AD- Western Roman Empire falls
Tuesday, April 23, 2019
Begin Rome
Today was my first day returning to school and first day in this class for a couple weeks. In the beginning Mr. Schick returned our tests and we checked them. Since I didn't take the test, I just circled the right answers so that I could have it for the final exam. After that, we went over the lesson plans for the next 10 days since Mr. Schick won't be in class. (Good luck in your surgery, I will be thinking of you and wish you a speedy recovery.) After that we listened to his rap. It was actually very good and I was impressed.
Friday, April 5, 2019
Friday Blog
A direct democracy is a form of government in which the people make decisions directly instead of choosing representatives.
Classical art was a period in Greece centered in Athens when people first began to be credited for their artwork. Pieces were filled with harmony, value, and proportion. They were made to look very idealistic (neural look on their face).
A tragedy is a serious form of drama that is based off of human suffering, dealing with the downfall of a hero. The hero always had a fatal flaw that lead to their downfall, they also had hubris, excessive pride. Sophocles wrote a tragedy called Oedipus Rex which is considered to be a masterpiece of Greek drama and showed that you cannot escape your own fate.
A comedy is another type of drama performed that was meant to be humorous. It contained a lot of crude humor and made fun of rich/powerful people. Aristophanes wrote the comedy called Lysistrata where women stopped being with the men to get them to stop fighting in the war.
The Peloponnesian War was a war between Sparta and Athens that lasted 27 years and caused a lot of destruction. Sparta was known for their army and Athens was known for their navy. Sparta declared the war and eventually won.
A philosopher was someone who tried to make sense of the world, and was a lover of wisdom. They believed that the universe was governed by certain laws and ruled, but they would be able to understand it by looking at the world logically.
Classical art was a period in Greece centered in Athens when people first began to be credited for their artwork. Pieces were filled with harmony, value, and proportion. They were made to look very idealistic (neural look on their face).
A tragedy is a serious form of drama that is based off of human suffering, dealing with the downfall of a hero. The hero always had a fatal flaw that lead to their downfall, they also had hubris, excessive pride. Sophocles wrote a tragedy called Oedipus Rex which is considered to be a masterpiece of Greek drama and showed that you cannot escape your own fate.
A comedy is another type of drama performed that was meant to be humorous. It contained a lot of crude humor and made fun of rich/powerful people. Aristophanes wrote the comedy called Lysistrata where women stopped being with the men to get them to stop fighting in the war.
The Peloponnesian War was a war between Sparta and Athens that lasted 27 years and caused a lot of destruction. Sparta was known for their army and Athens was known for their navy. Sparta declared the war and eventually won.
A philosopher was someone who tried to make sense of the world, and was a lover of wisdom. They believed that the universe was governed by certain laws and ruled, but they would be able to understand it by looking at the world logically.
Wednesday, April 3, 2019
Greece's Golden Age
Pericles lead Athens during much of Golden Age
- honest and fair
Had three goals-
1. To strengthen Athenian Democracy:
- Increased number of public officials who were paid salaries
2. To hold and strengthen empire:
- Athens took over leadership of the Delian League and dominated city states
- Pericles used money from league to make Athenian navy strongest on the Mediterranean
3. To glorify Athens:
- Also used money to beautify Athens
- Used the rest of money to pay artists, architects, and workers who used gold, ivory, and marble
The Parthenon- 23,000 square foot building constructed by Greeks in the traditional style used for 200 years
- Built to honor Athena
- Phidias- Sculpture who did much work on the Parthenon
Herodotus- Wrote a book on Persian Wars that is considered the first work of history
Thucydides- Greatest historian of Classical Age
- Believed certain types of events and political situations recur overtime
Athens vs Sparta
- Athenian and Spartan leaders believed war was inevitable and tried to make it begin instead of delay it
- Sparta declared war in 431 BC
- Pericles tried to avoid land battles
- Athens- stronger navy
- Sparta- stronger army
- Sparta marched into Athens and burnt food supply
- Pericles responded and brought residents from surrounding areas into city walls
- 2nd year of war- disaster struck Athens, plague killed 1/3 of population
- Athens continued to fight until 421 BC- signed a truce
- Truce lasted till 415 BC- Athens sent 20,000 soldiers onto island of Sicily
- Planned to destroy Syracuse
- Athens was defeated by Sparta
- Athens fended off attacks for 9 more years
- 404 BC- Athens and allies surrendered
- Lost everything including empire, power, and wealth
- honest and fair
Had three goals-
1. To strengthen Athenian Democracy:
- Increased number of public officials who were paid salaries
2. To hold and strengthen empire:
- Athens took over leadership of the Delian League and dominated city states
- Pericles used money from league to make Athenian navy strongest on the Mediterranean
3. To glorify Athens:
- Also used money to beautify Athens
- Used the rest of money to pay artists, architects, and workers who used gold, ivory, and marble
The Parthenon- 23,000 square foot building constructed by Greeks in the traditional style used for 200 years
- Built to honor Athena
- Phidias- Sculpture who did much work on the Parthenon
Herodotus- Wrote a book on Persian Wars that is considered the first work of history
Thucydides- Greatest historian of Classical Age
- Believed certain types of events and political situations recur overtime
Athens vs Sparta
- Athenian and Spartan leaders believed war was inevitable and tried to make it begin instead of delay it
- Sparta declared war in 431 BC
- Pericles tried to avoid land battles
- Athens- stronger navy
- Sparta- stronger army
- Sparta marched into Athens and burnt food supply
- Pericles responded and brought residents from surrounding areas into city walls
- 2nd year of war- disaster struck Athens, plague killed 1/3 of population
- Athens continued to fight until 421 BC- signed a truce
- Truce lasted till 415 BC- Athens sent 20,000 soldiers onto island of Sicily
- Planned to destroy Syracuse
- Athens was defeated by Sparta
- Athens fended off attacks for 9 more years
- 404 BC- Athens and allies surrendered
- Lost everything including empire, power, and wealth
Tuesday, April 2, 2019
Greece questions 1, 3, 4, and 5
A direct democracy is a form of government in which the people make decisions directly instead of choosing representatives.
Classical art was a period in Greece centered in Athens when people first began to be credited for their artwork. Pieces were filled with harmony, value, and proportion. They were made to look very idealistic (neural look on their face).
A tragedy is a serious form of drama that is based off of human suffering, dealing with the downfall of a hero. The hero always had a fatal flaw that lead to their downfall, they also had hubris, excessive pride. Sophocles wrote a tragedy called Oedipus Rex which is considered to be a masterpiece of Greek drama and showed that you cannot escape your own fate.
A comedy is another type of drama performed that was meant to be humorous. It contained a lot of crude humor and made fun of rich/powerful people. Aristophanes wrote the comedy called Lysistrata where women stopped being with the men to get them to stop fighting in the war.
The Peloponnesian War was a war between Sparta and Athens that lasted 27 years and caused a lot of destruction. Sparta was known for their army and Athens was known for their navy. Sparta declared the war and eventually won.
A philosopher was someone who tried to make sense of the world, and was a lover of wisdom. They believed that the universe was governed by certain laws and ruled, but they would be able to understand it by looking at the world logically.
Socrates was an important philosopher in Ancient Greece who asked questions to seek a deeper understanding of the world.
Plato was another philosopher who studied under Socrates and founded the Platonist School of Thought and the Academy.
Aristotle was also a philosopher who went to the Academy and founded the Lyceum and the Peripatetic School of Philosophy.
Pericles took many steps to strengthen Athens democracy during his 30 year rein. He created a direct democracy which had previously not existed before. He also hired many paid public officials, which was a big step because before those people were not getting paid much, if they were at all.
Athens and Sparta both had unique battle strategies during the Peloponnesian War. Athens tried to keep battles out at sea because they had a much stronger navy than Army. Sparta was the other way around and tried to invade their land because they had a stronger Army. Ultimately, Sparta's strategy must've worked better because they came out victorious.
I think some Athenians found Socrates ideas so disturbing because they had never before heard these ideas. They were all very skeptical because this was a very knew concept to them and a lot of people didn't give it a chance. They had never questioned the world around them like Socrates encouraged them to do, because they always just accepted that that was how their life was and never asked deep questions.
Classical art was a period in Greece centered in Athens when people first began to be credited for their artwork. Pieces were filled with harmony, value, and proportion. They were made to look very idealistic (neural look on their face).
A tragedy is a serious form of drama that is based off of human suffering, dealing with the downfall of a hero. The hero always had a fatal flaw that lead to their downfall, they also had hubris, excessive pride. Sophocles wrote a tragedy called Oedipus Rex which is considered to be a masterpiece of Greek drama and showed that you cannot escape your own fate.
A comedy is another type of drama performed that was meant to be humorous. It contained a lot of crude humor and made fun of rich/powerful people. Aristophanes wrote the comedy called Lysistrata where women stopped being with the men to get them to stop fighting in the war.
The Peloponnesian War was a war between Sparta and Athens that lasted 27 years and caused a lot of destruction. Sparta was known for their army and Athens was known for their navy. Sparta declared the war and eventually won.
A philosopher was someone who tried to make sense of the world, and was a lover of wisdom. They believed that the universe was governed by certain laws and ruled, but they would be able to understand it by looking at the world logically.
Socrates was an important philosopher in Ancient Greece who asked questions to seek a deeper understanding of the world.
Plato was another philosopher who studied under Socrates and founded the Platonist School of Thought and the Academy.
Aristotle was also a philosopher who went to the Academy and founded the Lyceum and the Peripatetic School of Philosophy.
Pericles took many steps to strengthen Athens democracy during his 30 year rein. He created a direct democracy which had previously not existed before. He also hired many paid public officials, which was a big step because before those people were not getting paid much, if they were at all.
Athens and Sparta both had unique battle strategies during the Peloponnesian War. Athens tried to keep battles out at sea because they had a much stronger navy than Army. Sparta was the other way around and tried to invade their land because they had a stronger Army. Ultimately, Sparta's strategy must've worked better because they came out victorious.
I think some Athenians found Socrates ideas so disturbing because they had never before heard these ideas. They were all very skeptical because this was a very knew concept to them and a lot of people didn't give it a chance. They had never questioned the world around them like Socrates encouraged them to do, because they always just accepted that that was how their life was and never asked deep questions.
Monday, April 1, 2019
Presentation
Today in western civilization, my group got to present our project. Alexa did the first slide and talked about the basics of Greek art and sculpture. Next, I presented my vase and talked about the hydria. After me, Ryan presented his slide and his cup-like sculpture. Lastly, Ella showed everyone her plate and said things about it. I think we did a really good job and when we graded ourselves we gave us a 98%. This is because we spent a lot of time outside of school making the sculptures, and we put a lot of effort into it. The group that presented before us was pretty good as well and they did their project on the different Gods and Goddesses. The two groups that presented after us did the olympics and foods.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)