Rome (Day 2)

- Greece Civilization in decline, Rome grew power
- City founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus
- Chose spot because of it's strategic location and fertile soil
- Built on 7 rolling hills at a curve on Tiber River
- Midway between the Alps and Italy's southern tip
- Near midpoint of Mediterranean Sea

- Earliest settlers arrived in Prehistoric times
- 1000-500 BC- three groups (Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans) inhabited region and battled for control
- Latins built original settlement, a cluster of wooden hots atop Palatine Hill
- 750-600 BC- Greeks established colonies along Southern Italy and Sicily
- Brought all of Italy into closer contact with Greek civilization

- Etruscans native to northern Italy
  Skilled metalworkers and engineers
  Boasted a system of writing and Romans adopted their alphabet
   Influenced Rome's architecture especially the use of the arch
- 600 BC- An Etruscan became king go Rome
- Grew into a collection of hilltop villages covering almost 500 square miles
- Temples and public centers constructed, most famous was the Forum (heart of Roman political life)

- Last king of Rome was Tarquin the Proud
  Harsh tyrant driven from power in 509 BC
- Romans declared they would never to be ruled by a king and created a republic
- Early republic- groups of Romans struggled for power
- Patricians- group of wealthy land owners, held most of the power
                    Inherited their power and claimed their ancestors gave them the right to make laws
- Plebeians- group of common farmers, artisans, and merchants, majority of population
                    Had the ability to vote but couldn't hold important gov. positions
                    Eventually were allowed to form their own assembly and elect representatives called tribunes

- 451 BC- group of 10 officials wrote down Rome's Laws
                 victory for plebeians because they would now be treated fairly by patricians
- Laws carved on 12 tables and hung in the four
- Became basis for laws later to come
- Established the idea that all citizens had a right to the protection of the law

- Gov took the best features of a monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy
- Consults- two officials like kings that commanded army and directed army
                  One year long terms, couldn't be reelected for 10 years
- In crisis republic could appoint a dictator
   Power lasted for 6 months

- All citizens who owned land required to serve in army
- Roman military groups made of 5000 heavily armed foot soldiers
  Divided into smaller groups of 80
- Military organization important to Rome's rise

- Power grew slowly but steady
- By 400 BC- Romans dominated central Italy
- By 265 BC- Romans mastered almost all of Italy
- Had different categories for groups of people they conquered and gave them different rights

- Location gave easy access to riches of the lands near Mediterranean Sea
- Merchants moved by land and sea
  Traded wine and olive oil for a variety of foods, raw materials, and manufactured foods

- 264 BC- Rome and Carthage went to war
- Beginning of the punic wars
- Fought 3 wars between 246 and 146 BC
- Carthaginian General- Hannibal  huge army with intent of capturing Rome
- Romans prevented them from capturing Rome
- Rome found leader named Scipio to match Hannibal
- 202 BC- Romans defeated Hannibal
- 146 BC- City of Carthage was set on dire
                 50,000 inhabitants sold into slavery and territory became Rome's
- Rome's victories in Punic Wars gave dominance over Western Mediterranean
- Romans went to conquer eastern half
- by 70 BC- Rome's Mediterranean empire stretched from Antolia to Spain

1. Republic- A dorm of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders
Patrician- The wealthy land owners who held most of the power
Plebeian- The common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population
Tribune- Representatives that protected the rights of the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician officials
Consul- Two elected officials that commanded the army and directed the government
Senate- The aristocratic branch of Romes government that had both legislative and administrative functions in the republic
Dictator- A leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army
Legion- Large military units that Roman soldiers were organized into
Punic Wars- A long struggle between Rome and Carthage from 264 to 146 BC that consisted of 3 wars
Hannibal- A Carthaginian general that was a brilliant military strategist

3. The limits that were on the consuls were that they were only allowed to serve for one year, and that the same person could not be elected again for 10 years

4. The significance of the twelve tables was to make sure that all citizens had protection and that the Patricians could't change any of the laws because they were written out.

5. Hannibal's attack on Rome was different because instead of using a head on attack, he did a surprise attack where they didn't know about it.